<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Tramping the Dusty Roads: My Camera & My Chai]]></title><description><![CDATA[Observations on life, thoughts on photography and the writing process. Sometimes sarcastic, at other times amusing, but always honest]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/s/dusty-musings</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KXsk!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffafe4a78-4b91-4195-aa90-46eb302f0391_1280x1280.png</url><title>Tramping the Dusty Roads: My Camera &amp; My Chai</title><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/s/dusty-musings</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sat, 20 Jun 2026 14:00:27 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[rajiv.rajivchopra@gmail.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[rajiv.rajivchopra@gmail.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[rajiv.rajivchopra@gmail.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[rajiv.rajivchopra@gmail.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Rishis, Gurus & modern charlatans.]]></title><description><![CDATA[We have moved far away from the original concept of the rishi, the muni and the guru.]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/rishis-gurus-and-modern-charatans</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/rishis-gurus-and-modern-charatans</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 10:35:36 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI79!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>The Maharishi in Rishikesh</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI79!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI79!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI79!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI79!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI79!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI79!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png" width="1456" height="816" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:816,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:9245254,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/201432543?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI79!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI79!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI79!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI79!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d8d6079-3cc5-47f0-be30-101e575383a6_2912x1632.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was probably amongst the first of India&#8217;s new-age godmen to burst on the international scene in the 1960s. Born in 1911 CE as Mahesh Prasad Varma, he studied physics and later rebranded himself as Maharishi and Yogi. He created the practice known as Transcendental Meditation and became famous for his association with the Beach Boys, the Beatles, Donovan, and Woodstock in 1969.</p><p>Was he a fraud? I won&#8217;t hazard a guess, but many (including him, I suppose) became wealthy as godmen and yogis &#8211; Osho Rajneesh, for instance. Rajneesh, or his Ashram, owned almost 100 Rolls-Royce cars by the time he died.</p><p>Some of these godmen &#8211; Sadhduru, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar &#8211; are excellent businessmen. Others, like Ram Rahim and Asaram, are rapists, and others, like Yogi Adityanath, are hate-filled politicians. Then, to round up the categories, you have those who wear saffron robes spouting hatred and who somehow manage to fool many people.</p><p>The list above is depressing, and if anyone studies the lives and fortunes of these people, I won&#8217;t blame them for believing that the institution of godmen constitutes one of the most sanctimonious groups of neoliberals. Yet, and while I have not met them, many genuine rishis, munis, and yogis live in India. You won&#8217;t meet them because they shun publicity. Some may live in the mountains or forests, others not.</p><p>I started with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi because of his association with the Beatles and Rishikesh, but, like Bertie Wooster of PG Wodehouse fame, I may have run away with myself and left my minuscule audience gasping for breath, wondering what I am writing about.</p><p>Shall we get into the subject? I can only touch on this subject briefly here in this tiny post, but I promise I will dive into it over the course of the year. India is, as Diana Eck wrote, a &#8216;sacred geography.&#8217;</p><h3>Who were rishis?</h3><p>Shall we start by asking the question: who or what were rishis? A rishi, or rsi (sorry, I don&#8217;t seem to be able to insert diacritic marks). In the earliest Vedic concept, a rishi was someone who perceived the sacred truth, the cosmic order, and who could express that truth in a mantra or poetry.</p><p>Technically, a rishi was not just your run-of-the-mill holy person. In the early traditions, the rishis did not write down their &#8216;truths.&#8217; They passed it on by word-of-mouth. Oral methods of transmission were widespread in many cultures worldwide, and in the early days, the rishis did not pass on the knowledge of the Vedas in writing. The earliest transmissions were oral, with great emphasis placed on proper memorization of the verses and correct pronunciation. The Vedas were the revealed sound, as perceived by the Rishis, and the succeeding generations of Rishis guarded this knowledge closely, for fear that &#8216;democratization&#8217; of this knowledge would somehow dilute the knowledge.</p><p>My theory: while the original intention may have been pure, the practice of hoarding knowledge became a source of power, especially when the caste system started to ossify.</p><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Tramping the Dusty Roads is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><p></p><p>Were all the rishis really detached? I wonder. There are many versions of the Jaya-Vijaya myths, but I will give you a condensed account of one.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Jaya and Vijaya were the gatekeepers of &#8216;Vaikuntha,&#8217; the home of Vishnu. One day, the four Kumaras (the mind-born sons of Brahma) arrived at Vaikuntha to visit Vishnu. Jaya and Vijaya told them to return later, since Vishnu was resting. In one version, the Kumaras are furious, and in another version, they believe that Jaya and Vijaya must have some defect as they could not perceive the true nature of the Kumaras, and cursed them to multiple lives on earth. Vishnu told Jaya and Viajaya that he could not reverse the curse but could offer them two options. One, seven lives as virtuous people, and two, three lives as imperfect people whom one of Vishnu&#8217;s avatars would kill &#8211; a different avatar each time. The pair chose the second option, and in one of their lives, they were born as Ravana and Kumbharakarna, and so was born the Ramayana. After their three lives on earth, the pair returned to Vaikuntha to be with Vishnu.</p></div><p>In another version of the myth, seven rishis went to visit Vishnu, and the rebuff infuriated them. In the version I related above, the Kumaras believed that the pair did not recognize who they were and deemed them imperfect. Yet, if we flip the coin, we may realize that, maybe, the Kumaras did not understand Jaya and Vijaya&#8217;s true nature, and so were imperfect themselves.</p><h3>Who were the munis?</h3><p>Now, let us turn to the munis. A muni was not the same as a rishi. A rishi perceived the sacred truth and the cosmic order. In contrast, a muni was an ascetic who focused on silent meditation, contemplation, reflection, and &#8211; possibly &#8211; withdrawal from the world.</p><p>A rishi also meditated and gained insight from &#8216;tapas,&#8217; or &#8216;inner heat,&#8217; a concept almost impossible to understand and explain. I have not experienced tapas so, I guess you must experience it to know it.</p><p>As the years and centuries progressed, the rishis &#8211; unlike a muni &#8211; became associated with yoga, ayurveda, philosophy, ethics, and statecraft. The last is critical: while some became associated with statecraft, they did not allow statecraft to corrupt or tempt them. That is the theory, anyway: no one knows which way an individual Rishi danced.</p><p>However, in the original concept of the word, &#8216;rishi,&#8217; the rishis did not seek wealth or power, quite unlike the modern rishis like Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and his successors.</p><p>Remember: this post is just a short introduction, and I will research this topic deeply in the next few months.</p><h3>Now, we can talk about the yogis.</h3><p>Now, let&#8217;s discuss the word &#8216;yogi,&#8217; and you will understand that Yogi Adityanath does not possess any of the qualities of a yogi. Wearing an orange bathrobe does not make you a yogi.</p><p>The word, &#8216;yogi,&#8217; is a practitioner of &#8216;yoga,&#8217; and the word, &#8216;yoga&#8217; comes from the toot, &#8216;yuj,&#8217; which means &#8216;to yoke&#8217; the body and mind together. A yogi, therefore, was a person who practiced yoga as a path of transformation.</p><p>Raja Yoga, unlike the more popular forms practiced today (hatha yoga and ashtanga yoga) is closest to the original purpose of yoga, as a means of disciplined consciousness, mental training, meditative absorption, and spiritual transformation. An Indian-origin yoga teacher in Singapore told me that one way of looking at the physical aspect of yoga, is to prepare the body so that it can sit quietly and comfortably in meditation.</p><p>Everyone loves the calisthenic aspect of yoga, so the poor man did not last long in the yoga studio. We now have lots of people across the world dancing with yoga mats, and saying, &#8216;namaste&#8217;! &#8216;Namaste is not a universal Indian greeting!</p><p>A yogi, therefore, was a person who attempted radical mastery over mind and self. In the old days, yogis stood outside the pale of society. I don&#8217;t know if they developed twists and turns in their spare time but, since mobile phones were not around to distract these old practitioners, my theory may be tenable.</p><h4>The degradation.</h4><p>There is a sect of yogis called &#8216;Nath&#8217; yogis and Adityanath (or, Ajay Bisht) claims to be a Nath yogi. These people were religious ascetics, politically active, and upheld military traditions, especially when high on psychedelic stuff!</p><p>Yogi Adityanath has a warped sense of religion, is politically active, and violent. In my assessment, he has debased the Nath tradition, but that is for me to state, and others to dispute.</p><p>Have the words, &#8216;rishi,&#8217; &#8216;muni,&#8217; and &#8216;yogi,&#8217; been debased? Yes. I don&#8217;t hear many people using the word, &#8216;muni&#8217; anymore but, &#8216;rishi,&#8217; &#8216;maharishi,&#8217; &#8216;yogi,&#8217; and &#8216;guru,&#8217; yes.</p><div><hr></div><p>I will return to this topic later. </p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/rishis-gurus-and-modern-charatans/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/rishis-gurus-and-modern-charatans/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/rishis-gurus-and-modern-charatans?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/rishis-gurus-and-modern-charatans?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Tramping the Dusty Roads&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share Tramping the Dusty Roads</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>A few links</h3><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaya-Vijaya&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Jaya Vijaya&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaya-Vijaya"><span>Jaya Vijaya</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Maharishi Mahesh Yogi&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi"><span>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Transcendental Meditation&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation"><span>Transcendental Meditation</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.paypal.com/webapps/billing/plans/subscribe?plan_id=P-0L800047NY940524GNHY3RRI&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;You can support me here&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.paypal.com/webapps/billing/plans/subscribe?plan_id=P-0L800047NY940524GNHY3RRI"><span>You can support me here</span></a></p><p>or, if you are Indian, here: </p><p>rajiv.rajivchopra-2@okaxis</p><div><hr></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A short note on Rishikesh]]></title><description><![CDATA[This note is not historical. Part musing, part historiography.]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/a-short-note-on-rishikesh</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/a-short-note-on-rishikesh</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 13 May 2026 07:50:55 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SnC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Once, the town was Haridwar&#8217;s poor cousin.</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SnC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SnC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SnC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SnC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SnC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SnC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg" width="1456" height="972" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:972,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:875117,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/197458424?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SnC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SnC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SnC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7SnC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8feb2f45-b80f-4783-aa38-fa81e8883e9f_2048x1367.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>I remember my first visits to Rishikesh during my time in consumer sales. Rishikesh was like a lonely, forgotten backwater town, lost in Haridwar&#8217;s ephemeral glitter. We&#8217;d book our hotel stays in Haridwar&#8217;s tiny hotels, travel to Rishikesh for a day trip before concluding our business, and return to Haridwar for the night. Rishikesh had no worthwhile hotels or hostels in those days, and if you spent the night in the town, there was always the possibility that your money would disappear into the night.</p><h3>Then, Rishikesh became an international yoga center.</h3><p>When I returned to North India a little over a decade ago, Rishikesh had transformed itself into an international yoga center, and solemn, earnest, serious, pale-faced Westerners could be seen doing yoga all over the place or having intense discussions about Jiddu Krishnamurthy&#8217;s philosophy. They congregate in their pale enclaves, and whenever they meet you, they fold their hands comically and say &#8216;namaste,&#8217; assuming that every Indian always says &#8216;namaste.&#8217;</p><p>Unlike Haridwar, which has kept its pious Hindu culture while acquiring a vast industrial backyard, Rishikesh has changed. Indian corporations and schools have also discovered Rishikesh, and you will find campsites upstream, populated by young corporates on a team-building exercise or schoolkids out on a trip.</p><p>Sitting by the banks of the river, you will observe young professionals whooping and wearing safety gear as they sail along the river in rubber boats.</p><h3>Rishikesh represents a threshold.</h3><p>The Ganges meets the plains a few kilometers upstream from Rishikesh, and the water is clean and rapid. The river basin is rocky and will break your bones if you are foolhardy enough to venture to the middle of the rapid stream. If you are foolhardy, your friends and family may have to search for your bones in Haridwar, as the river will carry you away.</p><p>Rishikesh is also the place from where pilgrims begin their ascent into the mountains en route to the holy shrines in the hills.</p><p>I always assumed the name &#8220;Rishikesh&#8221; translates into &#8220;The hair of the Rishis,&#8221; but, of course, I am wrong. The original name was probably &#8220;Hrishikesh,&#8221; meaning &#8220;Lord of the Senses,&#8221; a name for Vishnu. Rishikesh, therefore, clearly has Vaishnavite origins.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Vaishnavism developed slowly. Most modern Indians believe that Vishnu was a major god during the Vedic times but, this belief seems unwarranted. However, it does appear that Vishnu was a minor god during the Vedic times, which was always my impression. Gradually, several cults seem to have merged to create Vaishnavism in &#8216;Hindu&#8217; belief systems - the merging of the Vedic Solar god, the Vasudeva-Krishna, pastoral Krishna and Narayana worship. The transition and history is complex and, possibly, disputed. </p></div><p>If you wish to take a more philosophical view of Rishikesh, you can compare the town to a threshold. A pilgrim will travel from Haridwar to Rishikesh (the threshold) to the final spiritual destinations in the hills (Kedarnath and Badrinath). With the growing rigidity of temple rules and focus on exterior signs of piety, I wonder how long Badrinath and Kedarnath will keep their original spirituality.</p><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Tramping the Dusty Roads is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><p>Rishikesh is also a physical threshold in two ways. One, it is from here that pilgrims begin their ascent into the mountains. Two, it is here that the Ganges crosses the threshold from the hills to the plains. Most people do not realize a simple fact: although the river remains the same, it takes on different names as it journeys to the plains. The river starts at the Bhagirathi, meets at the Alaknanda, and finally becomes the Ganga.</p><p>The location of Rishikesh at the twin gateways of a pilgrim&#8217;s journey to the holy sites in the hills, and the transition of the Ganga&#8217;s journey from the hills to the plains, is significant from both a geographical and a religious-mythical perspective. Rishikesh has always been a center of meditation. I don&#8217;t know how many people have visited Rishikesh, but it&#8217;s a town with the river flowing between forested hills on either side. The hills and the pure water define Rishikesh.</p><h3>The town retains its &#8216;cool&#8217; vibe, even now.</h3><p>Despite its deep association with meditation, the town has not (at least not until my last visit) acquired overly religious terms. I&#8217;ve written many times that narrow religiosity is overtaking India, but Rishikesh has so far escaped that fate.</p><p>Rishikesh&#8217;s transformation began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when ashrams, such as those associated with Swami Sivananda, sprang up, transforming Rishikesh into a site of organized spiritual pedagogy. These institutions systematized the teachings of yoga, Vedanta, and meditation, making them accessible not only to Indian seekers but increasingly to an international audience.</p><p>I am convinced that the next push happened when the Beatles and Donovan visited Rishikesh in the 1960s, catapulting it into international fame. Yet, I do not remember seeing Westerners thronging the yoga centers of Rishikesh during my earliest visits. The Westerners were probably there, but maybe there weren&#8217;t many, which is why I did not notice them. I also admit that I focused on getting into the town, conducting my business, and leaving.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>The other major belief system in South Asia, was Shaivism. Shaivism and Vaishnavism often clashed and have different world views. I believe that Vaishnavism is essentially Brahmanical in nature. Even though I am atheist, Shaivism has always attracted me: I consider it more mystical. <br>Shaivism is probably one of the oldest continuous religious traditions in South Asia.</p><p>Many historians connect Shaivism with pre-Vedic and indigenous religious practices and fertility symbolism, yoga, asceticism, mountain cults, serpent worship and phallic symbolism. <br>Over time people identified the Vedic god, Rudra, with Shiva and many local cults got absorbed into the broader Shaivite traditions.</p></div><p>My tunnel vision would have made me oblivious to everything happening around me, and it was only when I visited the town again as a photographer that I noticed the pale faces flooding the town. These people have not come to proselytize. These foreigners are not big spenders. They come to Rishikesh, stay in reasonably priced accommodation for months, and focus on yoga and Jiddu Krishnamurthy. Some want to understand India&#8217;s caste system, and in attempting to do so, tie themselves into knots.</p><p>The wellness revolution in Rishikesh also received a boost when the Parmarth Ashram started becoming popular. The wellness revolution also received a boost when expensive resorts like Ananda Spa opened. I met a few of the rich women who stayed at the Ananda Spa and visited the Parmarth Ashram to attend the evening aarti. She sat a few rows behind the main &#8216;Swami&#8217; who, after the aarti concluded, looked straight at her, telling her he sensed the power of her spiritual energy. I remember suppressing a smirk as I listened to her breathless retelling, congratulating myself on my self-control.</p><p>&#8220;He must have sensed the sparkle of your diamonds,&#8221; I remember thinking.</p><p>Running an ashram is exactly the same as running a corporation; the scale differs. An ashram&#8217;s business has a halo because it is supposed to be spiritual, whereas a corporation tries to gain a halo by pretending to engage in sustainable practices.</p><p>My cousin used to volunteer at a neighborhood temple but stopped when he realized that the other volunteers&#8211;especially the well-known and well-off people&#8211;only viewed the temple as a stepping stone to a political career. When you blend religion with politics and the business of the state, you get a mixture that has an awful texture and stinks.</p><h3>Should I return one day?</h3><p>Rishikesh, luckily, still possesses a peaceful atmosphere. The combination of the river, the bridges, the wooded hills, and the unpretentious yoga gives the town an enduring charm. Nothing is in your face. Nothing is bombastic.</p><p>Unlike the river&#8217;s rapid flow, life&#8217;s flow here is calm, unhurried, gentle, and peaceful. It is time I revisited Rishikesh.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/a-short-note-on-rishikesh/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/a-short-note-on-rishikesh/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/a-short-note-on-rishikesh?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/a-short-note-on-rishikesh?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Tramping the Dusty Roads&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share Tramping the Dusty Roads</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>I edited the image using Lightroom Desktop, not Lightroom Classic. This is a brilliant, simple tool to edit your photos. I am not an affiliate so, if you wish to explore the Photographer plan, do so!<br></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.adobe.com/in/creativecloud/plans.html?promoid=VBF1KGNL&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Adobe Plans&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.adobe.com/in/creativecloud/plans.html?promoid=VBF1KGNL"><span>Adobe Plans</span></a></p><div><hr></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Danger often lurks beneath a calm surface]]></title><description><![CDATA[We discovered someone&#8217;s murderous underbelly in Allahabad]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/danger-often-lurks-beneath-a-calm</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/danger-often-lurks-beneath-a-calm</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 10:43:22 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e2k-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Be aware: A calm surface can hide a ruthless aspect.</h3><h4>Some old stories. </h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e2k-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e2k-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e2k-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e2k-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e2k-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e2k-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3205874,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/189749754?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e2k-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e2k-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e2k-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e2k-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff703c6f9-d98e-4180-9d2f-64feac7d658b_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>I&#8217;d like to share a strange story, and one that ought to remind everyone that you should never judge a person by their mild demeanor. Let&#8217;s travel back to Allahabad (now, PrayagRaj) for this story.</p><p>The first time I passed through Pratapgarh was when I took a bus to a small town called &#8230;</p>
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          <a href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/danger-often-lurks-beneath-a-calm">
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          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Blind Rage in Ayodhya and Poona]]></title><description><![CDATA[And why I detest bigotry and organized religion]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/blind-rage-in-ayodhya-and-poona</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/blind-rage-in-ayodhya-and-poona</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 12:15:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tODX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Once, I was religious. </h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tODX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tODX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tODX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tODX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tODX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tODX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png" width="1456" height="485" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:485,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1140786,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/189009315?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tODX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tODX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tODX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tODX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F47c4c355-4a8d-4c19-9acf-bf0a692f2ae2_1500x500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Once upon a time, I was religious. When I returned to India, we lived with my maternal grandparents. I became friends with a lady who lived down the street. We called her Krishna Aunty because she had a huge statue of Lord Krishna in her living room. I&#8217;d help her dress the statue every evening.</p><p>Then, I went to school in Nainital, a&#8230;</p>
      <p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Reclaiming History II: Genghis Khan]]></title><description><![CDATA[There is more to the old Khan than is revealed by Voltaire's writings.]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/reclaiming-history-ii-genghis-khan</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/reclaiming-history-ii-genghis-khan</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 08:03:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!752k!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Voltaire distorted Genghis Khan&#8217;s legacy</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!752k!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!752k!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!752k!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!752k!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!752k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!752k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3565675,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/187488310?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!752k!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!752k!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!752k!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!752k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f3b6123-6722-4773-8fff-882e0924237c_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I have not read the book, but I listened to the audiobook and liked it so much that I bought it afterward. I have a selfish interest in Genghis Khan because Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, is a descendant of Genghis Khan (and Timur). Maybe I have one strand of DNA that comes from both great warriors.</p><p>One &#8230;</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Reclaiming History: Nalanda and The Cholas.]]></title><description><![CDATA[We must reclaim our history not just from biased people, but from our ignorance.]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/reclaiming-history-nalanda-and-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/reclaiming-history-nalanda-and-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 14:52:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gohR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Two books that gave me food for thought.</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gohR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gohR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gohR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gohR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gohR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gohR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3587516,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/186742888?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gohR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gohR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gohR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gohR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1ce400d5-0460-4cf9-a2b3-f5dfe52d1e3a_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Recently, I read two books quickly. I had borrowed them from the library, and the librarians asked me to return them quickly, as there was a long waiting list for the books.</p><p>Sometime in the next few months, I will borrow these two - and another one - again. I confess I have had to fight the temptation to buy them, &#8230;</p>
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      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[You can never leave Nainital]]></title><description><![CDATA[As the song goes, &#8216;you can check out any time but..&#8217;]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/you-can-never-leave-nainital</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/you-can-never-leave-nainital</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 03 Feb 2026 06:43:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xmcC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>A song, by golly!!</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xmcC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xmcC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xmcC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xmcC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xmcC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xmcC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg" width="1456" height="975" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:975,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4563181,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/186707103?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xmcC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xmcC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xmcC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xmcC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe68c77ff-9190-4d24-9afe-c2beb9e81c59_3872x2592.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/you-can-never-leave-nainital">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Poles apart: Gauhar Jaan & Abu Salem]]></title><description><![CDATA[A brilliant singer. A notorious gangster and terrorist. Two poles.]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/poles-apart-gauhar-jaan-and-abu-salem</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/poles-apart-gauhar-jaan-and-abu-salem</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 28 Jan 2026 17:09:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pWsu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Gauhar Jaan and Taylor Swift</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pWsu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pWsu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pWsu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pWsu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pWsu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pWsu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2964271,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/186094544?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pWsu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pWsu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pWsu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pWsu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c9802e0-8827-4978-999c-4b95988d0ce9_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>If you have allowed Taylor Swift to dominate your music tastes, there is a high possibility that you will not like Gauhar Jaan&#8217;s music. Nor will you appreciate Begum Akhtar&#8217;s music. Much though I want to claim that I am musically democratic, I confess that I find Gauhar Jaan&#8217;s music hard to swallow. Her music belongs &#8211; in lar&#8230;</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Lohri: A young, yet primeval festival. ]]></title><description><![CDATA[A Punjabi Festival - my favorite of the year]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/lohri-a-young-yet-primeval-festival</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/lohri-a-young-yet-primeval-festival</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 17:36:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-Xx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Lohri: A Punjabi, midwinter, agrarian festival. </h3><h4>The Meaning.</h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-Xx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-Xx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-Xx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-Xx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-Xx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-Xx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png" width="1280" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2013376,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/184561573?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-Xx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-Xx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-Xx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-Xx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdca645d7-6391-49e9-93c9-0ddced76ffa2_1280x720.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>It was Lohri yesterday, on the 13th of January. </strong></em></p><p>Most Westerners, including those of Indian origin, mispronounce the words &#8216;Punjab&#8217; and &#8216;Punjabi.&#8217; </p><p>They pronounce the &#8216;Pun&#8217; as &#8216;Poon,&#8217; which is incorrect. The &#8216;un&#8217; is pronounced the same way as &#8216;un&#8217; in &#8216;unable.&#8217; The word comes from the root that me&#8230;</p>
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      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Preconceived notions. Buddhism. Animism.]]></title><description><![CDATA[We love all the possible labels we can get, but it does not help.]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/preconceived-notions-buddhism-animism</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/preconceived-notions-buddhism-animism</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Oct 2025 14:17:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/313e780f-44a4-42d3-a743-08ef38d48e72_2048x1365.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>When I first visited Arunachal Pradesh</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljPE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljPE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljPE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljPE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljPE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljPE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg" width="1456" height="970" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:970,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1433283,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/177566295?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljPE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljPE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljPE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ljPE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6d0fbf4-329a-4908-8be2-723747e022c1_2048x1365.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>I visited Arunachal Pradesh for the first time two years ago. There are two places I decided to visit when I was a teenager: China and Arunachal Pradesh, and I have visited both. I absolutely love Arunachal Pradesh and, even though it is far away, I intend to explore the state over the next decade, along with other &#8230;</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/preconceived-notions-buddhism-animism">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Beware the absolute peril of being ignorant of history]]></title><description><![CDATA[Without a proper sense of history, people, nations and civilizations will decline.]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/beware-the-absolute-peril-of-being</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/beware-the-absolute-peril-of-being</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 09 Oct 2025 13:59:13 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6h84!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>A few examples to kick off the post</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6h84!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6h84!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6h84!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6h84!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6h84!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6h84!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1842670,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/175706120?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6h84!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6h84!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6h84!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6h84!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5f2b736-4b41-48bb-a78e-e39307a42000_4096x2304.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h3>Ayodhya 1992 CE</h3><p>I last visited Ayodhya in 1992, one week before the demolition of the Babri Masjid, and two weeks after crazed Hindutva mobs demolished the structure. I could easily identify Muslim homes by the burnt doors, as well as the desolation that hung around their homes like broken ghosts.</p><p>A few weeks ago, I visited Jantar Mantar in New Delhi and struck up a conversation with one of the lady guards there. We got talking about my many road trips, and she told me I must visit Ayodhya to see the magnificent temple built in honor of the avatar of Vishnu, Lord Ram. She had absolutely no idea of the Babri Masjid or its destruction.</p><p>People don&#8217;t have an idea of the subcontinent&#8217;s ancient or medieval history, I thought, and repressed my desire to reproach her for her absolute ignorance of India&#8217;s modern history.</p><h3>Falsehoods &amp; Our Freedom Struggle,</h3><p>Our Prime Minister declared that the British Raj imprisoned members of India&#8217;s fascist organization, the RSS, during India&#8217;s struggle for independence. This statement is demonstrably false. Even though the British jailed VD Savarkar (the creator of the Hindutva philosophy), and he did suffer, he and the RSS did not fight for our independence. They were, in fact, British apologists and turned against the Muslims, who were, are (in my opinion) easier targets.</p><h3>Benjamin Netanyahu &amp; The Bible</h3><p>Benjamin Netanyahu claims that the Bible states that God will bless those who support Israel and curse those who criticize it. Again, this is a false statement, and the question we must ask is, if at all, which God made that statement?</p><p>Our government now wishes to depict the Mughal kings as unrepentant tyrants &#8211; a false depiction.</p><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Tramping in India is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><h2>So-called leaders falsify history. Beware.</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBKn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBKn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBKn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBKn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBKn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBKn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg" width="1344" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/be705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1344,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:183885,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/175706120?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBKn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBKn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBKn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBKn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbe705855-fe87-4f77-9e28-424ce2762dd6_1344x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Politicians, businesspeople, and academics often falsify history, a fact that we must acknowledge. We must be mindful of the lies emanating from the mouths and minds of these individuals and verify every statement that emerges from their thoughts.</p><p>At this point, I will &#8216;back pedal,&#8217; and travel down memory&#8217;s dusty lanes to history class in school. I hated history in school. All I remember is the teacher forcing dates into our reluctant and rebellious brains &#8211; the dates for the First Battle of Panipat, the Battle of Plassey, the Battle of Buxar, the Great Uprising, and so on. I don&#8217;t blame the teachers, but I do accuse our education boards of being short-sighted, stupid, and primitive. The word &#8216;primitive&#8217; is unfortunate because we assume that &#8216;primitive people&#8217; are crude, unimaginative people. A few books I read over the last few months prove that people we deem primitive were, or are, curious about the world, and possess a trove of poetry we, who claim to be more sophisticated, dismiss with a sneer.</p><h3>The Indian rote-learning system.</h3><p>Our authorities based our education system on rote learning, with almost no attention paid to critical thinking. I know I keep cursing politicians and priests, but rote learning is convenient for them. Nowadays, this system has broadened its scope to include the WhatsApp University.</p><p>The Indian education system and the employment market have a history and sociology problem. When schoolchildren opt for these subjects, parents often discourage them from pursuing their interests because they do not believe their children will find suitable employment upon completing their studies.</p><p>In my time, history was a boring subject, and, when I did my MBA, sociology was even more so. Not only did our teachers dry out these subjects, serving us a desiccated dish, but they also failed to teach us the importance, uses, and implications of the lessons contained in the course material.</p><p>Contrary to popular belief, history is not a static subject. It flows like a river, forever, changing its course, picking up new material along the way. History is an interpretative subject, and the person who writes history creates history. The same principle applies to sociology.</p><h2>You must read widely.</h2><p>Those who read history &#8211; even as enthusiasts &#8211; must read widely and continuously. I do not recommend you ignore other genres of writing &#8211; that would be stupid &#8211; but read widely, and ignore 99% of the rubbish you receive on social media.</p><p>I&#8217;d like to illustrate my theory and recommendations, and will start with India. When I was a schoolchild, history books referred to the events of 1857-58 CE as &#8216;The Great Indian Mutiny.&#8217; Many years later, I read a history book written by a British historian, in which he stated that it should be called &#8216;The Great Uprising.&#8217; The events were not a mutiny, nor was this India&#8217;s first war of independence: India did not exist at the time. &#8216;The Great Uprising&#8217; is, in my considered view, a much better description.</p><h3>Rivers and history.</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d9S6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d9S6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d9S6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d9S6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d9S6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d9S6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1695618,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/175706120?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d9S6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d9S6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d9S6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d9S6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7932b508-745e-446a-9f70-caa0d9244238_4096x2304.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>All of us grew up with the caste system, and many believe that the ideas written in the Manusmriti were cast in stone, dominating Indian thought over the centuries. While the caste system has always existed, my recent reading suggests that, in earlier years, it was more fluid than it is now.</p><p>When the British government took over the governance of India after the 1857-58 uprising, it decided to study India and carried out several census activities. A side effect of these activities was to harden the caste and religious divide in India. I did not know of this fact until a year ago.</p><p>History is like a river. You cannot step into the same river twice &#8211; the river is constantly changing. You cannot expect the interpretation of a particular historical epoch or event to be static. The British coined the term, &#8216;The Great Indian Mutiny.&#8217; Another called it &#8216;The Great Uprising.&#8217; The term you use will affect your interpretation of historical and sociological events.</p><p>The manner in which &#8216;The Economist&#8217; writes about the war in Ukraine differs from how it writes about the genocide in Gaza. Objectivity does not exist. Like &#8216;democracy,&#8217; &#8216;objectivity&#8217; is an ephemeral concept, forever changing to suit the needs of an audience and the times.</p><p>I had read that the term &#8216;Hindu&#8217; was originally a geographic term, encompassing the region and peoples living east of the Indus River, but books I read a few months back state that the British coined the term &#8216;Hinduism&#8217; to include the diverse faiths in India, and bring them under one umbrella.</p><p>If both theories are true, then Hindus must introspect and question the universal faith they deem to be Hindu. Indeed, people find it challenging to hold more than one idea, and the current government appears intent on reducing the Hindu pantheon to a single avatar of Vishnu. If they succeed, Indians will be poorer because, <a href="https://cdr.creighton.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/544e9cbb-9022-44d2-b057-d83aca536f83/content">as per some theorists, monotheistic religions are violent, </a>in contrast with polytheistic societies. Many challenge this simplistic belief, however.</p><p>I believe that monotheistic faiths are more narrow than polytheistic faiths in one respect. No polytheistic faith speaks of &#8216;the one true God.&#8217; In today&#8217;s India, the chant, &#8216;Jai Shri Ram,&#8217; has become a call to violence, especially against Muslims and Dalits. If Indian belief transforms from its current henotheistic/polytheistic form to a monotheistic belief system, Indian society will change and become impoverished. </p><p>Strong chains bind history and sociology together. One affects the other.</p><h2>The rise of mega-influencers. Will you become a puppet?</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MjYs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MjYs!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MjYs!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MjYs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MjYs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MjYs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg" width="1344" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1344,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:183885,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/175706120?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MjYs!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MjYs!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MjYs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MjYs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad75f47a-7f79-4c0d-9f66-79f6eb534d5c_1344x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>I will move to another, vital part of this short essay &#8211; <a href="https://engelsbergideas.com/notebook/the-rise-of-the-mega-influencer/">the rise of &#8216;mega influencers.&#8217; </a>I came across this term while reading an article on the subject in Engelsberg Ideas, and I endorse the central theme and recommendations presented in the article.</p><p>Mass media amplifies messages, but social media has enabled the emergence and growth of mega-influencers. Nowadays, everyone has a microphone, and the relentless barrage of sensations numbs us and dulls our critical thinking faculties. The influencer becomes the message, and we forward messages from group to group, prefacing the forward with a bland statement &#8211; &#8216;forwarded as received.&#8217;</p><p>The sender seeks to wear a mantle of saintliness and innocence when they use that statement &#8211; &#8216;forwarded as received.&#8217; I disagree, and insist that this behaviour stems from cowardice, and an absolute refusal to be accountable for the messages &#8211; truthful, false, or hateful &#8211; that they send into cyberspace.</p><p>Engelsberg Ideas suggests that we minimize the time we spend on social media platforms like &#8216;X&#8217; and Instagram. Instead, we must read books, study the citations, and be open to different perspectives.</p><h3>Echo Chambers: Black, White &amp; Grey</h3><p>We live in echo chambers, and being open to exploring different perspectives is far more difficult than we anticipate.</p><p>Once, I tried to have an open discussion about our Prime Minister. I told his supporter that there are aspects of our PM I admire. He labelled me a supporter and clapped me on my shoulder with approval. Then, when I expounded on my theme and explained the aspects I detest, his face turned a mottled shade of purple, his eyes bulged, and he called me an &#8216;anti-national.&#8217;</p><p>Suppose we cannot agree on current events or allow influencers to shape our perception of recent history. In that case, we will allow anyone and everyone to manipulate our already limited sense of history. In short, we will permit and encourage ill-informed and prejudiced goons to poison our minds.</p><h3>Will you become a puppet?</h3><p>Study history, and do not react when influential people bombard you with soundbites. I must end with a warning: simplistic messaging that suits social media and advertising always hides more than it reveals. History (and sociology) are subtle subjects, and you cannot reduce them to soundbites. If you do, then prepare yourself to live the life of a puppet, forever manipulated by a puppeteer.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/beware-the-absolute-peril-of-being/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/beware-the-absolute-peril-of-being/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/beware-the-absolute-peril-of-being?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" 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now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://engelsbergideas.com/notebook/the-rise-of-the-mega-influencer/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;The Rise of the Mega Influencers&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://engelsbergideas.com/notebook/the-rise-of-the-mega-influencer/"><span>The Rise of the Mega Influencers</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://ethosinstitute.sg/religion-and-violence-2/&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Religion &amp; Violence 1&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://ethosinstitute.sg/religion-and-violence-2/"><span>Religion &amp; Violence 1</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://cdr.creighton.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/544e9cbb-9022-44d2-b057-d83aca536f83/content&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Religion &amp; Violence 2&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://cdr.creighton.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/544e9cbb-9022-44d2-b057-d83aca536f83/content"><span>Religion &amp; Violence 2</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Some crazy memories are local.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Traveling within your town can help revive good old memories!]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/some-crazy-memories-are-local</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/some-crazy-memories-are-local</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2025 16:42:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_t2A!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Where I started my career. </h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_t2A!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_t2A!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_t2A!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_t2A!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_t2A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_t2A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1874219,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/172186590?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_t2A!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_t2A!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_t2A!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_t2A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12a099ae-0cdb-4e30-9034-e2f781a21581_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>I started my career in Bombay (nowadays, people call it Mumbai) and traveled across the city in the 'local' trains, or 'locals,' as we called them. I was unaccustomed to the crowds, and nothing prepared me for the people crowding into the trains. Hey! I will stop here and move on six years to the time I lived in Delhi as a bac&#8230;</p>
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          <a href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/some-crazy-memories-are-local">
              Read more
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Now, aren’t we just a bunch of bloody hypocrites?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Most of us&#8211;all of us&#8211;do not admit our hypocrisy]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/now-arent-we-just-a-bunch-of-bloody</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/now-arent-we-just-a-bunch-of-bloody</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 13 Aug 2025 11:01:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Permit me to rant. </h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3042573,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/i/170866066?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb75293-1f47-4a28-8550-179c49803b4b_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>If you permit me, I will go off on an unhinged rant, and I invite all of you to travel with me as I go off in different and unrelated directions. I don&#8217;t know how many of you are aware of the term &#8216;<a href="https://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/wlf/what-stream-consciousness">stream of consciousness writing</a>,&#8217; in which the writer writes without pausing to think. The words follow the thoughts that tumble continuou&#8230;</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/now-arent-we-just-a-bunch-of-bloody">
              Read more
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Aliens come visiting. Boy, are they in for a surprise!]]></title><description><![CDATA[They come searching for intelligent life. Do they find it?]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/aliens-come-visiting-boy-are-they</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/aliens-come-visiting-boy-are-they</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 10:10:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.substack.com/feed/podcast/164477329/86aa484b097e98f1c26fe1f67ab39910.mp3" length="0" type="audio/mpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YiAS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YiAS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YiAS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YiAS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YiAS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YiAS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg" width="1280" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:660940,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://rajivchopra.substack.com/i/164477329?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YiAS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YiAS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YiAS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YiAS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa430772d-f556-439b-9ec8-982d466c8542_1280x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h3>Starting with a fabulous quote from Isaac Asimov.</h3><p>I&#8217;ve been on an AI roll lately, and when I make AI art containing aliens, I am sarcastic about humanity. Before I continue, I&#8217;d like to insert a fabulous quote attributed to Isaac Asimov.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>&#8220;The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom.&#8221;<br>Isaac Asimov</p></div><p>Isaac Asimov lamented the growing cult of ignorance in America. You can read about his essay by clicking <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/10/isaac-asimov-laments-the-cult-of-ignorance-in-the-united-states.html">this link</a>. The essay also has a link to Asimov&#8217;s original essay.</p><p>He wrote his lament in 1980, and since then, the cult of ignorance has grown exponentially in America. What is worse is that this cult is spreading like an uncontrollable pandemic, and our generation&#8217;s greed will condemn future generations.</p><p>If you read books like &#8216;The Singularity is Near&#8217; or &#8216;The Singularity is Nearer,&#8217; you may ask yourself where this supposed intelligence is hiding.</p><div><hr></div><div id="youtube2-Lwnexupwf5g" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;Lwnexupwf5g&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Lwnexupwf5g?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div><hr></div><p>Computers and artificial intelligence are valuable tools, but must not replace our brains. People like Ray Kurzweil demonstrate arrogance when they state that the human brain is slow and inefficient or that &#8216;intelligence&#8217; will spread through the universe. These people even believe that we can conquer death.</p><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Tramping in India is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><h3>The value of time. </h3><p>Many years ago, I read a science fiction story in which the world&#8217;s most valuable commodity is time. Money has lost its purpose, and people trade time. Those who run out of time die. The story has a scene in which a man about to die begs for five more minutes of life, but the person before him denies him his wish and watches the doomed person die on the street. We can ask the question: Who wants to live forever? Queen asked this question in their song of the same name.</p><p>I will resist the temptation to philosophize about why we would desire to live forever. Most of us will die of ennui.</p><h3>What kind of species are we?</h3><p>The philosophical problem is more fundamental and relates to our behavior, not our pious words. The Israelis are conducting genocide in Palestine while the world watches. This genocide may be the world&#8217;s first documented mass murder, where horrifying visuals fill our screens, and politicians try to invade our minds with their propaganda.</p><p>The visuals in Palestine are so horrific that the majority of us ignore what is happening in Africa, Myanmar, China, India, Ukraine, and other places. Yet, we talk of human intelligence spreading through the universe and how our intelligence will be the fount of intelligence in the galaxies.</p><h3>We have technical brilliance but, not wisdom.</h3><p>People like Kurzweil also tell us that advances in AI will reach a tipping point somewhere around 2041 CE and then outstrip our intelligence. I use Google and an Android phone and constantly swat away Google&#8217;s repeated suggestions that I sign up for a free trial of their product, Gemini.</p><p>Why will I pay Google to take my data for their training and allow their machines to invade my brain? I am a cynical fool, and as I write these words, I am conscious of the childlike excitement pervading many people who become dependent on them.</p><p>For all our technical intelligence and remarkable progress in these fields, we are not becoming wise, which is the second part of Asimov&#8217;s quote.</p><p>We have become adept at creating &#8216;kill zones&#8217; and blowing each other up. Our religion teaches us to hate each other despite our pious words.</p><p>We aim to colonize Mars, as Elon Musk declares, or to convert humans into an interplanetary species, as Jeff Bezos suggests. Yet, we cannot solve the problems of global hunger, rising temperatures, and pollution, or prevent the calamitous effects of climate change.</p><p>Bill Gates wants us to build solar panels, and he wishes to disperse sulfur particles in the air to block the sun. We are becoming obsessed with technological advancements, yet don&#8217;t care about becoming wise.</p><h3>What do the aliens discover?</h3><p>What will a group of aliens witness when they travel to Earth on an investigative mission to verify if our claims of superintelligence are credible or incredible?</p><p>Do watch the short YouTube video. Enjoy. Comment, and find out what they discovered!</p><p>And, please consider subscribing to my channel!</p><div><hr></div><h4>A Confession</h4><p>I was to start writing about Benares this week but, because we have lots of work happening at home, I may postpone this section to the next week or, the week after. </p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/aliens-come-visiting-boy-are-they/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/aliens-come-visiting-boy-are-they/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" 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amateur?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Are professionals that much better than amateurs?]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/should-we-praise-the-amateur</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/should-we-praise-the-amateur</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2025 16:08:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Y7y!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>The age of the amateur scientists</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Y7y!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Y7y!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Y7y!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Y7y!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Y7y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Y7y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg" width="1312" height="736" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:736,&quot;width&quot;:1312,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:119877,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://rajivchopra.substack.com/i/163642970?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Y7y!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Y7y!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Y7y!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Y7y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddb1662b-745f-43f6-ba96-1405eab4e874_1312x736.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Were Isaac Newton, Aryabhata, Bhaskara I, Bhaskara II, Al-Karaji, or Sharaf al-din al-Tusi professionals or amateurs? I don&#8217;t believe Charles Darwin was a professional either.</p><p>All the people mentioned in the previous paragraph were outstanding scientists or mathematicians. We should not forget the contributions made by Ch&#8230;</p>
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          <a href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/should-we-praise-the-amateur">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Brief Histories: School and Nainital.]]></title><description><![CDATA[We were the best batch of students the school had ever had]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/brief-histories-school-and-nainital</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/brief-histories-school-and-nainital</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2025 06:54:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8nW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>I will begin with a few nostalgic reflections.</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8nW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8nW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8nW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8nW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8nW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8nW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg" width="1456" height="1040" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1040,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5464447,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://rajivchopra.substack.com/i/161946006?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8nW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8nW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8nW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q8nW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F381469c9-6ab4-4e69-aa0c-c1a784c7b2e7_2509x1792.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Last week, I wrote about <a href="https://rajivchopra.substack.com/p/sometimes-life-is-bittersweet">my class reunion </a>and the possibility of never seeing any of my classmates again. I know I can become sentimental if I dwell on this grim possibility. We cannot deny that we have trod separate paths since leaving school. I have reconnected with some of them over the last few years, bu&#8230;</p>
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          <a href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/brief-histories-school-and-nainital">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A sense of wonder.]]></title><description><![CDATA[G. K. Chesterton's quotation ought to make us think about society.]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/a-sense-of-wonder</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/a-sense-of-wonder</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 01 Apr 2025 11:13:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1rw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>The Milky Way. School. Wonder.</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1rw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1rw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1rw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1rw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1rw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1rw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png" width="1456" height="816" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:816,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2059187,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://rajivchopra.substack.com/i/160325922?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1rw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1rw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1rw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l1rw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8959f8a-79d1-421e-9146-d651bad10a61_1456x816.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Many years ago, when I was a student in Nainital, we had a quaint custom or rule. After dinner, we'd change into our night suits, wear our dressing gowns, and walk across the 'First Field' to the toilet block to relieve ourselves. Then, we'd return to the dormitory, where the school rules allowed us some reading time before&#8230;</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/a-sense-of-wonder">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Wild Travel Stories]]></title><description><![CDATA[Memories of incidents stay with you and become legends.]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/wild-travel-stories</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/wild-travel-stories</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 26 Mar 2025 14:32:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bMRk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>You cannot photograph every trip.</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bMRk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bMRk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bMRk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bMRk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bMRk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bMRk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg" width="1456" height="817" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:817,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5167221,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://rajivchopra.substack.com/i/159915385?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bMRk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bMRk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bMRk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bMRk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4da825d2-e16f-4f1f-9702-ae5624c4b856_8000x4487.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>A photograph does not accompany every trip, nor do historical facts about a place. Not every journey is to an exotic location to explore the far ends of our planet, to unearth our planet&#8217;s deep, dark secrets or past. We do not always journey to distant shores, flaming sword in hand, to battle injustice, to heal the plane&#8230;</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/wild-travel-stories">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Oh, for a cup of chai!]]></title><description><![CDATA[This thick, sweet, milky brew is often the gateway to conversation.]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/oh-for-a-cup-of-chai</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/oh-for-a-cup-of-chai</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 19 Feb 2025 13:24:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jE3x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>I will visit Agra this weekend.</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jE3x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jE3x!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jE3x!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jE3x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jE3x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jE3x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2761536,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jE3x!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jE3x!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jE3x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jE3x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfcd2c41-7bea-4ac5-8697-78fb5190058f_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>I plan to visit Agra this weekend to photograph Maryam&#8217;s tomb, visit Sikandra, and maybe the Taj Mahal again. I will be honest: the unusual heat this month terrifies me. What can we expect in the coming months if it is so hot now? The sun is merciless, and my head hurts when I stand under that fierce, yellow orb. I just fi&#8230;</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/oh-for-a-cup-of-chai">
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          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[On Tangents, Webs, and Streams]]></title><description><![CDATA[I'm taking a step back to explain how my brain sometimes works.]]></description><link>https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/on-tangents-webs-and-streams</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/on-tangents-webs-and-streams</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Rajiv Chopra]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Jan 2025 05:06:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4df3aeac-c2b8-4f5c-bda6-524bfa7171c1_2240x1260.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>On Tangents</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uiB3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eee33a2-7555-48d8-bc2b-95639db5254e_2240x1260.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uiB3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eee33a2-7555-48d8-bc2b-95639db5254e_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uiB3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eee33a2-7555-48d8-bc2b-95639db5254e_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uiB3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eee33a2-7555-48d8-bc2b-95639db5254e_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uiB3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eee33a2-7555-48d8-bc2b-95639db5254e_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uiB3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eee33a2-7555-48d8-bc2b-95639db5254e_2240x1260.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0eee33a2-7555-48d8-bc2b-95639db5254e_2240x1260.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:915238,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uiB3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eee33a2-7555-48d8-bc2b-95639db5254e_2240x1260.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uiB3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eee33a2-7555-48d8-bc2b-95639db5254e_2240x1260.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uiB3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eee33a2-7555-48d8-bc2b-95639db5254e_2240x1260.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uiB3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eee33a2-7555-48d8-bc2b-95639db5254e_2240x1260.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>I was supposed to be in Agra to photograph Maryam-uz-Zamani's tomb, but I am in Delhi for various reasons. A part of me is sad, and another part is happy because I will travel to the city in February and meet someone I have known for several decades. To add to my joy&#8211;or sadness&#8211;my friend will drive me, so I will lie back in the car and snore.</p><p>&#8230;</p>
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          <a href="https://www.rajivchopra.in/p/on-tangents-webs-and-streams">
              Read more
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